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Section 2: Secondary
Sources......
Agnew, Brad. Fort Gibson: Terminal on the Trail of Tears. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980. An overview of the period from 1824 to the 1840s including the major Creek movements to "Indian Territory".
Akers, Frank H. Jr. "The Unexpected Challenge: The Creek War of 1813-1814." Ph'D Dissertation (History), Duke University, 1975. Military history concentrating upon the campaigns conducted by the forces from Mississippi Territory, Georgia and Tennessee.
Alden, John R. John Stuart and the Southern Colonial Frontier. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1944.
Appleton, James L. and Ward, Robert D. "Albert James Pickett and the Case of the Secret Articles: Historians and the Treaty of New York of 1790." Alabama Review, v. 51 (1998), pp. 3-36. The secret articles are not included in the treaty as published in Kappler (see Primary Sources). They were published in "McGillivray and the Creeks" by Pickett (1930); in Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States, compiled by Hunter Miller, v. 2, p. 344 (1931), a compilation which contains no other Indian treaties; and now in this article.
Ashley, Keith H. "Effects of European and American Colonization of the Southeast on Upper Creek Settlement Patterns, 1700-1800." M. S. Thesis (Anthropology), Florida State University, 1988.
Bahos, Charles. "On Opothleyahola's Trail: Locating the Battle of Round Mountains." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 63 (1985/86), pp. 58-89. A detailed effort to locate the site of this Civil War battle in Indian Territory, this is mostly an article for the serious military history buff, but it definitely gives the impression that this particular historical question (which was addressed by Angie Debo in two earlier articles) has been answered.
Baine, Rodney M. "Indian Slavery in Colonial Georgia." Georgia Historical Quarterly, v. 79 (1995), pp. 418-424.
Baird, W. David. "Are There 'Real" Indians in Oklahoma? Historical Perceptions of the Five Civilized Tribes." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 68 (1990/91), pp. 4-23. An essay stimulated by reaction to Baird's edition of the autobiography of G. W. Grayson, this article focuses on changing attitudes towards land tenure.
Banks, Dean. "Civil War Refugees from Indian Territory in the North: 1861-1864." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 41 (1963) pp. 286-298. The trek of Union supporters, led by Opothleyahola, to Kansas.
Barber, Douglas. "Council Government and the Genesis of the Creek War." Alabama Review, v. 3 (1985), pp. 163-174.
Bass, Althea. The Story of Tullahassee. Oklahoma City: Semco Color Press, 1960. Account of the mission of William Schenck Robertson, Presbyterian minister, teacher and father of Alice Robertson and Augusta Robertson Moore.
Benedict, John D. [Downing]. Muskogee and Northeastern Oklahoma including the Counties of Muskogee, McIntosh, Wagoner, Cherokee, Sequoyah, Adair, Delaware, Mayes, Rogers, Washington, Nowata, Craig, and Ottawa. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1922. A typical production of its period, this 3 volume set consists of a historical volume plus 2 volumes of biographical sketches of the type often referred to as "mug book" sketches. Volume 1 contains a great deal of material relating to the history of the Creeks in Indian Territory. However very few of the biographies relate to individuals identified as Creeks. References to those particular sketches are included section 4 (see Davis, Gibson, Grayson, Moore, Porter, Posey)of this Bibliography. Sketches of non-Creeks who played a prominent part in Creek affairs include:
---"John B. Campbell." Vol. 3, pp. 440-442. Campbell, a lawyer, was the compiler of "Campbell's abstract of Creek Indian census cards and index", "Campbell's abstract of Creek freedman census cards and index" and "Abstract of Seminole Indian census cards, and index", prepared to establish rights to land allotments.
---"Mrs. A. E. W. Robertson." Vol. 1, pp. 347-348 plus picture facing p. 344. Ann Eliza Worcester Robertson, missionary, translator of the Bible into Creek, mother of Alice Robertson and Augusta Robertson Moore.
Boyd, Joel D. "Creek Indian Agents, 1834-1874." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 51 (1973), pp. 37-58.
Braund, Kathryn E. H. Deerskins & Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo America, 1685-1815. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.
_____. "Guardians of Tradition and Handmaidens to Change: Women's Roles in Creek Economic and Social Life during the Eighteenth Century." American Indian Quarterly, v. 14 (1990), pp. 239-258.
Britton, Wiley. The Civil War on the Border: A Narrative of Operations in Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas and the Indian Territory.... 2 vols. The 3rd ed., revised was published in 1899 and has since been reprinted. Almost a primary source as the author participated in some of the events recorded; he explains that he relied heavily on the Official Records. This book, as a general history, is somewhat outside the normal scope of this bibliography. However, it is a fundamental source for the experience of the Creeks during the war.
Burton, Jeffrey. Indian Territory and the United States, 1866-1906. (Legal History of North America, v. 1) Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. Provides an invaluable overview of events during this period including the writing of constitutions and laws and information on the administration of justice.
Cashin, Edward. "From Creeks to Crackers." IN: The Southern Colonial Backcountry: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Frontier Communities, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998, pp. 69-75. This short essay stresses the role of Augusta, Georgia as a meeting place of cultures.
____. Governor Henry Ellis and the Transformation of British North America. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994. Much on Indian relations/diplomacy of Georgia.
____. The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989. In 1779 Brown and Alexander Cameron suceeded John Stuart as British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, the former Southern District being divided in half.
____. William Bartram and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier. Columbia, S. C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
Champagne, Duane. Social Order and Political Change: Constitutional Governments among the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Chickasaw, and the Creek. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992.
Cline, Howard F. Florida Indians I: Notes on Colonial Indians and Communities in Florida 1700-1821; Notes on the Treaty of Coweta. New York: Garland Pub. Inc., 1974.
____. Florida Indians II: Provisional Historical Gazetteer with Locational Notes on Florida Colonial Communities. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1974.
Coker, William S. and Watson, Thomas D. Indian Traders of the Southeastern Spanish Borderlands: Panton, Leslie & Company and John Forbes & Company, 1783-1847. Pensacola: University of West Florida Press, 1986.
Corkran, David H.. See Section 1.
Corry, John Pitts. Indian Affairs in Georgia, 1732-1756. Philadelphia: n. p., 1936.
Cotterill, R. S. The Southern Indians: the Story of the Five Civilized Tribes before Removal. (Civilization of the American Indian Series, v. 38) Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954.
(Creek)Indians: Alabama-Coushatta. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1974. Testimony before the Indian Claims Commission, docket no. 226. Contents listed separately in this bibliography.
Crider, Robert Franklin. "The Borderland Floridas, 1815-1821: Spanish Sovereignty under Siege". Ph.D. Dissertation (History), Florida State University, 1979.
Cromer, Marie West. Modern Indians of Alabama: Remmants of the Removal. Birmingham, Ala.: Southern University Press, [1987] (copyrighted by the author 1984). Describes: the Creek Nation East of the Mississippi, Inc. (Poarch Band of Escambia County), the Star Clan of Lower Muscogee Creeks, Inc., and the Ma-Chis Lower Creeks of Coffee County plus the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission.
Cunningham, Frank. General Stand Watie's Confederate Indians. San Antonio, Texas: The Naylor Company, 1959. While Stand Watie was a member of the Cherokee Tribe, this study is a survey, with a strong partisan focus on the Confederate forces, of the participation of members of the Five Civilized Tribes in the Civil War.
Cutrer, Thomas W. " 'The Tallapoosa Might Truly Be Called the River of Blood': Major Alexander McCulloch and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, March 27, 1813." Alabama Review, v. 43(1990), pp. 35-39. Includes a short letter from McCulloch describing the battle.
Debo, Angie. See also Section 1.
____. Tulsa: From Creek Town to Oil Capital. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1943. Much of this small volume (122 p.) is devoted to Tulsa as a Creek town.
Denham, James M. "Denys Rolle and Indian Policy in British East Florida." Gulf Coast Historical Review, v. 7, no. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 31-43.
DeVorsey, Louis. The Indian Boundary in the Southern Colonies, 1763-1775. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966.
Doster, James F. The Creek Indians and Their Florida Lands,
1740-1823. 2 v. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1974. This book is based on Indian Claims Commission exhibits and the citations are to those exhibits in the court case by number. This often makes it very difficult to determine what is the original source of a statement.
NEW: Identification of Indian Claims Commission Exhibits cited by Doster in this work.
Drain, Maud. "The History of the Education of the Creek Indians." M.A. Thesis (History), University of Oklahoma, 1928.
Ethridge, Robbie. "Creeks and Americans in the Age of Washington." IN George Washington's South, ed. by Tamara Harvey and Greg O'Brien. Gainesville; University Press of Florida, 2004, pp. 278-312.
Fabel, Robin. "St. Marks, Apalache and the Creeks," Gulf Coast Historical Review, v. 1, no. 2 (Spring 1986), pp. 4-22.
Fairbanks, Charles H. "Creek and Pre-Creek." IN: Archaeology of Eastern United States, ed. by James B. Griffin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952, pp.285-375. Also reprinted in Sturtevant, Creek Source Book.
_____. "Ethnographic Report on Royce Area 79: Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek." IN: Cherokee and Creek Indians, pp. 31-308 + maps. New York: Garland Publishing, 1974. Testimony before the Indian Claims Commission, docket no. 275. Royce Area 79 refers to a portion of the "north-central and northwest sections of Alabama just south of the Tennessee River."
Fischer, LeRoy. "United States Indian Agents to the Five Civilized Tribes." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 51 (1973), pp. 34-36.
Forbes, Gerald. "The International Conflict for the Lands of the Creek Confederacy." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 14 (1936), pp. 478-498.
Foreman, Carolyn Thomas. "Augusta Robertson Moore: A Sketch of Her Life and Times." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 13 (1935), pp. 399-420. (See also the entry in Section 4, Biography for her husband, Napoleon Bonaparte Moore.)
Foreman, Grant. Advancing the Frontier, 1830-1860. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1933. The southeastern tribes after their move west.
____. The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1934. The Oklahoma tribes from 1830-1860.
____. Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932. Revised edition, 1953. Focuses on 1830-1840.
____. Indians and Pioneers: The Story of the American Southwest before 1830. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930. Revised edition, 1936. The "pioneers" from the East include Creeks.
Fretwell, Mark E. This So Remote Frontier: The Chattahoochee Country of Alabama and Georgia. Tallahassee: Rose Printing Co., 1980. A publication of the Historic Chattahoochee Commission.
Gaillard, Frye. As Long As the Waters Flow: Native Americans in the South and East. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, 1998. This combination of Frye's text and fine photos by Carolyn DeMeritt makes an excellent introduction to the topic of present-day Indians in this region. The Poarch Creeks receive extensive coverage.
Gallay, Alan. The Formation of a Planter Elite: Jonathan Bryan and the Southern Colonial Frontier. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989. Chapter 6, "Dreams of Empire: Jonathan Bryan and the Creek Indians."
Garrison, Tim Alan. "Beyond Worcester: The Alabama Supreme Court and the Sovereignty of the Creek Nation." Journal of the Early Republic, v. 19 (1999), pp. 423-450. The importance of Caldwell vs. Alabama [1831], ostensibly a simple murder case, in the legal and political drive to remove the Creeks from Alabama.
Gatschet, Albert S. A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians with a Linguistic, Historic and Ethnographic Introduction. 2 vols. Vol. 1, Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton, 1884. (Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature, no. 4); vol. 2, St Louis, Mo.: printed for the author, 1888. Reprinted in one volume, New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969. Contains a glossary as well as a list of towns and much other historical information.
____. "Towns and Villages of the Creek Confederacy in the XVIII. and XIX. Centuries." Publications of the Alabama Historical Society, Miscellaneous Collections, v. 1, pp. 386-414. Reprinted in Sturtevant, Creek Source Book.
Grant, Ethan A. "Fort Toulouse and the North American Southeast, 1700-1764." Gulf Coast Historical Review, v. 7, no. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 6-15. Summary article which outlines the situation between the French and English in this period and discusses the relationship of the French to the Alabamas (Creeks).
Graves, William H. "Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army: Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 69 (1991/92), pp. 134-145.
Green, Michael D. The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. Focuses on period after War of 1812.
____. See also Section 1.
Grinde, Donald A. Jr. and Taylor, Quintard. "Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907." American Indian Quarterly, v. 8 (1984), pp. 211-229.
Haan, Richard L. "The 'Trades Do's Not Flourish As Formerly': The Ecological Origins of the Yamassee War of 1715." Ethnohistory, v. 28 (1981), pp. 341-358. The author describes this war as the event which "catalyzed the emergence of the Creek Confederacy".
Halbert, H[enry]. S. and Ball, T[imothy]. H. The Creek War of 1813 and 1815, ed. by Frank L. Owsley Jr. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995. Originally published in 1895; this edition adds notes and an index. Also an online copy, source and edition not given. Internet at: http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cmamcrk4/hbtoc.html#anchor2088566 .
____. "Indian Land Cessions in Alabama." Arrow Points, v. 7, no. 1 (1923), pp. 6-10.
Hale, Douglas. "Rehearsal for Civil War: The Texas Cavalry in the Indian Territory, 1861." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 68 (1990/91), pp. 228-265. Five Texas regiments vs. Opothle Yahola and his neutralists.
Halley, David J., ed. Ocmulgee Archaeology, 1936-1986. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994. This bibliography does not, in general, deal with archaeology and the vexed scholarly question -- still very much a matter for debate -- of the prehistoric antecedents of the historic Creeks. I have listed one essay by Waselkov, which deals with the historic period, separately in this bibliography.. However I would recommend this recently published book as a whole as a starting point for those who are interested in this subject if just for its extensive bibliography.
Hamer, Friedrich P. "Indian Traders, Land and Power: A Comparative Study of George Galphin on the Southern Frontier and Three Northern Traders". M. A. Thesis, University of South Carolina, 1982.
Harden, Edward J. The Life of George M. Troup. Savannah, Ga.: E. J. Purse, 1859. Troup was governor of Georgia and a cousin of Creek chief William McIntosh (although it appears that the cousins were not personally acquainted). This is not a scholarly biography of the type today's readers are accustomed to. On the plus side, it quotes huge quantities of primary sources.
Harris, W. Stuart. Dead Towns of Alabama. University: University of Alabama Press, 1977. Includes 83 Indian towns, 47 fort sites, and 112 settlements of the colonial, territorial or state periods. Has index, footnotes, bibliography and a list by county. Very handy little publication.
Hassig, Ross. "Internal Conflicts in the Creek War of 1813-1814." Ethnohistory, v. 21 (1974), pp. 251-271.
Heard, J. Norman. Handbook of the American Frontier: Four Centuries of Indian-White Relationships. Volume I. The Southeastern Woodlands. (Native American Resources Series, no. 1) Short entries identify people, including some Creek chiefs, places, tribes and groups. Useful way to look up a passing mention in a text.
Henri, Florette. The Southern Indians and Benjamin Hawkins, 1796-1816. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
Hewitt, J. N. B. "Notes on the Creek Indians," ed. by. John R. Swanton. Bulletin [Bureau of American Ethnology], no. 123, (1939), pp. 119-159. ( Anthropological papers no 10). Reprinted in Sturtevant, Creek Source Book. Primarily cultural information gathered from interviews with Legus F. Perryman and Pleasant Porter in the 1880s.
Hinds, Roland. "White Intruders in the Creek Nation, 1830-1907." M.A. Thesis (History), University of Oklahoma, 1936.
Holland, James W. Andrew Jackson and the Creek War: Victory at the Horseshoe. University: University of Alabama Press, 1968.
Hollingsworth, Dixon. Indians on the Savannah River. Sylvania, Ga.: Partridge Pond Press, 1976. The title of this 83 page pamphlet is somewhat misleading; the contents include various notes and maps on southeastern tribes.
Hook, Jonathan B. The Alabama-Coushatta Indians. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1997. A study of the concept of "Indian identity" with the Alabama-Coushatta of Texas, once members of the Creek confederacy, as the focus.
Hudson, Charles, and Tessar, Carmen Chaves, eds. The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994. Collection of essays.
Hudson, Charles. "The Genesis of Georgia's Indians," IN Forty Years of Diversity: Essays on Colonial Georgia, ed. by Harvey H. Jackson and Phinizy Spalding. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.
____. See also Section 1.
Innes. Pamela. "Creek in the West," IN Handbook of North American Indians, v. 14, Southeast, ed. by Raymond D. Fogelson. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
Jacobson, Daniel. "Alabama-Coushatta Indians: Ethnological Report and Statement of Testimony." IN: (Creek)Indians: Alabama-Coushatta, pp.25-178. Testimony before the Indian Claims Commission, docket no. 226.
_____. "The Origin of the Koasati Community of Louisiana." Ethnohistory, v. 7 (1960), pp.97-120. Koasati has also been rendered as Costehe or Coste (Spanish), Cou-sau-dee (Creek town), Couchittes, and Cochattie.
Joplin, Hattie S. "A History of the Creek Indians." M.A. Thesis (History), University of Oklahoma, 1917.
Knight, Vernon James Jr. "The Formation of the Creeks." IN: Forgotten Centuries, ed. by Charles Hudson pp.373-392. Views the Creek Confederacy as a politico-military alliance. Much reliance on archeological evidence.
_____. Tukabatchee: Archaeological Investigations at an Historic Creek Town, Elmore County, Alabama, 1984. (Report of Investigations 45, Office of Archaeological Research, Alabama State Museum of Natural History) N.p.: University of Alabama, 1985. The growth of this important town as revealed by both archaeological and documentary evidence. An important source for those interested in what "Creek life" was like especially in the historic period.
Lewis, Thomas M. N.. See Section 1.
Littlefield, Daniel F. Jr. Africans and Creeks: From the Colonial Period to the Civil War. (Contributions in AfroAmerican and African Studies, no. 47) Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979.
____ and Parins, James W., ed. Native American Writing in the Southeast: An Anthology, 1875-1935. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995. Includes writings by six authors identified as Muscogee: Joseph Bruner, Charles Gibson, William McCombs, Jesse J. McDermott, Alexander Lawrence Posey, Pleasant Porter. Also some pieces by James Roane Gregory, Yuchi. There is a biographical sketch of each author.
Lomawaima, K. Tsianina. They Called It Prairie Light: The Story of Chilocco Indian School. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994. Chilocco was a federal boarding school which many Creeks attended. Much of this work is based on interviews with former students.
Marsh, Ralph Henry. "The History of Polk County, Texas Indians." IN: (Creek)Indians: Alabama-Coushatta, pp.257-361. Testimony before the Indian Claims Commission, docket no. 226.
Martin, Howard M. "Documents on the Alabama and Coushatta Tribes of Texas." IN: (Creek)Indians: Alabama-Coushatta, pp.179-256. Testimony before the Indian Claims Commission, docket no. 226. Alternative title: "Ethnohistorical Analysis of Documents Relating to the Alabama and Coushatta Tribes of the State of Texas."
Martin, Joel W. "Cultural Contact and Crises in the Early Republic: Native American Religious Renewal, Resistance, and Accomodation". IN Native Americans and the Early Republic, ed. by Frederick E Hoxie et al., pp. 226-258. Published for the United States Capitol Historical Society by the University Press of Virginia, 1999. This essay focuses on the Cherokees and Muscogees.
____. Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees' Struggle for a New World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1991.
____. "Southeastern Indians and the English Trade in Skins and Slaves." IN: The Forgotten Centuries, ed. by Charles Hudson, pp.304-324.
Mason, Carol I. "Eighteenth Century Culture Change Among the Lower Creeks." Florida Anthropologist, v. 16 (1963), pp. 65-80. Focuses on the economic roles of men and women.
May, Katja. African Americans and Native Americans in the Creek and Cherokee Nations, 1830s to 1920s: Collision and Collusion. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
McAlister, Lyle N. "William Augustus Bowles and the State of Muscogee." Florida Historical Quarterly, v. 40, (1962), pp. 317-328.
McIntosh, Frances. "Social and Economic Conditions of the Creek Indians." M.S.W. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1943. Not history then, but it is now.
Meares, Cecil. "When the Steamboat Monmouth Sank in the Mississippi, Creek Indian Passengers Paid the Price". Wild West, v. 11, no. 3 (Oct. 1998, pp. 10-12). In October 1837, the "worst pre-Civil War disaster" on the Mississippi killed over 300 Creeks being transported from New Orleans to the west.
Meek, Alexander B. Romantic Passages in Southwestern History, Including Orations, Sketches, and Essays. New York & Mobile: S. H. Goetzel & Co., 1857. This book is mentioned here because it and the author's Red Eagle: A Poem of the South (1855) are probably a major source of popular tales of the Creek War. Use with care and check against more recent and scholarly works!
Morris, Michael P. The Bringing of Wonder: Trade and the Indians of the Southeast, 1700-1783. (Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies, no. 36.) Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999. A study with much fascinating detail, especially on the Creeks and Cherokees. Chap. 3 is on Mary Musgrove and Nancy Ward.
Morton, Ohland. "The Political History of the Creek Indians Since the Civil War." M.A. Thesis (History), University of Oklahoma, 1929.
Murphree, Daniel S. "The Failure of Accommodation: British-Indian Relations in the Old Southwest, 1763-1783." M.A. Thesis (History), Florida State University, 1996.
Nelson, Paul David. General James Grant: Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993.
Nunez, Theron A. Jr. see Stiggins, George in "Primary Sources."
O'Donnell, James H. III. "The Florida Revolutionary Indian Frontier: Abode of the Blessed or Field of Battle?" IN: Eighteenth-Century Florida: Life on the Frontier, ed. by Samuel Proctor, pp.60-74. John Stuart and his policies.
____. Southern Indians in the American Revolution. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973.
____. See also Section 1.
Owen, Thomas M. "Indian Tribes and Towns in Alabama". Alabama Historical Quarterly, v. 12 (1950), pp. 118-241.
Owsley, Frank L. Jr. Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812-1815. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1981.
Paredes, Anthony. "Back from Disappearance: The Alabama Creek Indian Community." IN: Southeastern Indians since the Removal Era, ed. by Walter L. Williams. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1979.
____. "Creek in the East Since Removal," IN Handbook of North American Indians, v. 14, Southeast, ed. by Raymond D. Fogelson. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
____. "Federal Recognition and the Poarch Creek Indians." IN: Indians of the Southeastern United States in the Late 20th Century, ed. by J. Anthony Paredes. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992.
____. "The Folk Culture of the Eastern Creek Indians: Synthesis and Change. IN: Indians of the Lower South: Past and Present, ed. by John K. Mahon. Pensacola: Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference, 1975.
____ and Kenneth J. Plante. "A Reexamination of Creek Indian Population Trends: 1738-1832." American Indian Culture and Research Journal, v.6(4) (1982) pp. 3-28.
Peake, Ora Brooks. A History of the United States Indian Factory System, 1795-1822. Denver, Sage Books, 1954.
Pickett, Albert J. History of Alabama and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi from the Earliest Period. Originally pub. 1851; has been reprinted. Note the original publication date! Pickett's chapters on the DeSoto expedition and other early events have long since been eclipsed by later historical and archaeological research. However, since he came to Alabama in 1818 (at the age of eight) and knew many of the people (including the Indians) who participated in the Creek War, his material on that period is very important. Pickett made great efforts to interview survivors of the war. There is an online copy. Internet at: http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cmamcrk4/pktfm.html#anchor1397250 .
Posey, Alexander. The Fus Fixico Letters, ed. by Daniel F. Littlefield Jr. and Carol A. Petty Hunter. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1933. This book is a collection of Posey's dialect humor columns and, as a literary work, would be outside the scope of this bibliography. However, the voluminous introduction, notes and bibliography provide as much information for any historian of the place and period as a typical journal article.
Pound, Merritt B. Benjamin Hawkins, Indian Agent. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1951.
Proctor, Samuel, ed. Eighteenth-Century Florida and Its Borderlands. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1975. Collection of essays.
____, ed. Eighteenth-Century Florida and the Revolutionary South. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1978. Collection of essays.
____, ed. Eighteenth-Century Florida: Life on the Frontier. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1976. Collection of essays.
Rentz, Thomas Henry Sr. The Public Life of David B. Mitchell. M. A. Thesis, University of Georgia 1955. Mitchell was governor of Georgia and then Creek Indian agent and remains a controversial figure. However the author of this thesis (who had apparently purchased a house built by Mitchell) has written a very laudatory work.
Richards, Lynne, Farr, Cheryl, & Gaitros, Cyria. "Environmental Influences on Dress: Creek Nation, 1885-1900." Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, v. 25 (1997), pp. 369-389. A detailed comparison of the clothing worn by women in the Creek Nation (Oklahoma) to that worn by women in the eastern states showed that the Creeks' clothing was more comfortable and practical despite their exposure to current fashion news. The authors concluded that "these differences reflected the rigorous Creek Nation environment...substantiated that the mere promotion of a fashion product to a targeted market does not ensure consumer acquisition or purchase behavior..." Highly useful for anyone doing historic presentations/reenactments for this period.
Riordan, Patrick. "Seminole Genesis: Native Americans, African Americans, and Colonists on the Southern Frontier from Prehistory Through the Colonial Era." Ph'D Dissertation, (History,) Florida State University, 1996.
Roberts, Gary. "The Chief of State and the Chief." American Heritage, v. 26 (1975), pp. 28-33, 86-89. Washington, McGillivray and the Treaty of 1790.
Roberts, Joan. "Missions and Missionary Activities among the Creek Indians, 1832-1900." M.A. Thesis (History), University of Oklahoma, 1939.
Routh, E. C. "Henry Frieland Buckner." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 14 (1936) p. 456-466. A Baptist missionary (d. 1879).
Royce, Charles C. "Indian Land Sessions in the United States." IN Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-97, by J.W. Powell, Director, part 2, p. 521-964. [Published as U. S. Congressional Serial Set No. 4105.] Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899. Digitized at the Library of Congress site, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwss-ilc.html. This compilation contains two tables and 67 maps along with an introduction by Cyrus Thomas. Search by both Creek and Muscogee in the list of tribes.
["Russell County"] Alabama Historical Quarterly, v. 21 (1959), entire issue. Special issue on the county; much on the Creeks.
Sameth, Sigmund. "Creek Negroes: A Study of Race Relations." M.A. Thesis (Anthropology), University of Oklahoma, 1940.
Saunt, Claudio. "Taking Account of Property: Stratification among the Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century." William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, v. 57 (2000), pp. 733-760.
____. "'The English Has Now a Mind to Make Slaves of Them All': Creeks, Seminoles and the Problem of Slavery." American Indian Quarterly, v. 22 (1998) pp. 157-181.
____. See also Section 1.
Savage, William W. Jr. "Creek Colonization in Oklahoma." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 54 (1876/77) pp. 34-43. Summarizes events leading to removal; reaches Oklahoma only on p. 39.
Smith, Daniel M. "James Seagrove and the Mission to Tuckaubatchee, 1793." Georgia Historical Quarterly, v. 44 (1960) pp. 41-55.
Smith, Marvin T. "Aboriginal Population Movements in the Early Historic Period Interior Southeast." IN Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, rev. and expanded ed., ed. by Gregory Waselkov. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2006. This essay was updated for this edition.
Smith, Marvin T. SEE ALSO Waselkov, Gregory A.
Snapp, J. Russell. John Stuart and the Struggle for Empire on the Southern Frontier. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
Southerland, Henry DeLeon Jr. and Brown, Jerry Elijah. The Federal Road through Georgia, the Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989.
Speck, Frank G. "The Creek Indians of Taskigi Town." Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, v. 2 (1907) pp. 99-164. Reprinted in Sturtevant, A Creek Source Book.
Spoehr, Alexander. "Changing Kinship Systems: A Study in the Acculturation of the Creeks, Cherokee, and Choctaw". Anthropological Series [Field Museum of Natural History], v. 33, no. 4 (1947), pp. 151-235. Note that this series may also be referred to as Fieldiana: Anthropology or this item cited as "Field Museum of Natural History. Publication 583".
Sturtevant, William C., ed. A Creek Source Book. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1987. A collection of reprinted pieces.; see individual entries in this bibliography.
____. "Spanish-Indian Relations in Southeastern North America." Ethnohistory, v. 9 (1962), pp. 41-94. The running title on this article is "Spanish-Indian Relations in Florida". If we said "La Florida" it would be a more accurate description of the scope of this useful overview with much on the Creeks. Also reprinted in Ethnology of the Indians of Spanish Florida, (Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks no. 8), New York: Garland Publishing, 1991, pp. 307-360.
Sugden, John. "Early Pan-Indianism: Tecumseh's Tour of the Indian Country, 1811-1812." American Indian Quarterly, v. 10 (1986), pp. 273-304.
Sullivan, Fay Ann, "The Georgia Frontier, 1754-1775." M. A. Thesis, (History), Florida State University, 1975.
Swanton, John R. Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 73) Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1922. Swanton's work remains absolutely basic to any study of the Creeks. The best source for information on the various groups within the Creek confederacy. A portion of this work was reprinted in Ethnology of the Indians of Spanish Florida, (Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks no. 8), New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.
____. "Modern Square Grounds of the Creek Indians." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 85, no. 8. (1931), pp. 1-46 + plates. Reprinted in Sturtevant, A Creek Source Book.
____. The Indians of the Southeastern United States. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 137) Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1946. Extremely detailed! The non-specialist may do better to read Hudson's The Southeastern Indians (see Begin Here) first and then go to this title.
____. "Social Organization and the Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy," IN Forty-Second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1924-1925, pp. 279-325. Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office, 1928.
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. "Pipesmoke and Muskets: Florida Indian Intrigues of the Revolutionary Era." IN: Eighteenth-Century Florida and Its Borderlands, ed. by Samuel Proctor, pp. 13-39.
Thomason, Hugh M. "Governor Peter Early and the Creek Indian Frontier, 1813-1815." Georgia Historical Quarterly, v. 45 (1961), pp. 223-237. Actions during his term as Governor of Georgia.
Thurman, Melburn D. "Seminoles, Creeks, Delawares and Shawnees: Indian Auxiliaries in the Second Seminole War, 1836-8." Florida Anthropologist, v. 30 (1977), pp. 144-165.
Walker, Willard B. "Creek Confederacy Before Removal." IN Handbook of North American Indians, v. 14, Southeast, ed. by Raymond D. Fogelson. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
Waselkov, Gregory A. "Changing Strategies of Indian Field Location in the Early Historic Southeast." IN People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany, ed. by Kristen J. Gremillion, pp. 179-194. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997. Changes on the ground reflect social change.
____. "The Creek War of 1813-1814: Effects on Creek Society and Settlement Pattern." Journal of Alabama Archaeology, v. 32 (1986), pp. 1-24. Coauthor is Brian M. Wood.
____. "Historic Creek Indian Responses to European Trade and the Rise of Political Factions." IN: Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas, ed. by J. Daniel Rogers and Samuel M. Wilson, pp. 123-131. New York: Plenum Press, 1993.
____. "The Macon Trading House and Early European-Indian Contact in the Colonial Southeast." IN: Ocmulgee Archaeology, 1936-1986, ed. by David J. Hally. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994. The Macon Trading House (dated to ca. 1690) was discovered in the 1930s by archaeologists working at what is now Ocmulgee National Monument. This article explains why it was there and uses the site as a springboard for a discussion of "Creek culture change during the early historic period." A very useful short essay.
____ and Marvin T. Smith. "Upper Creek Archaeology." IN: Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory, ed. by Bonnie G. McEwan, pp. 242-264. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. A review of the archaeological studies done on the talwas [towns] in the groups known as Abihkas, Alabamas, Tallapoosas, and Okfusgees. Includes maps and a bibliography.
Watson, Thomas D. "The Troubled Advance of Panton, Leslie and Company into Spanish West Florida." IN: Eighteenth-Century Florida and the Revolutionary South, ed. by Samuel Proctor, pp. 68-86.
Wesson, Cameron B. "Creek and Pre-Creek Revisited." IN: The Archaeology of Traditions: Agency and History Before and After Columbus, ed. by Timothy R. Pauketat, pp. 94-106. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. (Note: There is one comprehensive bibliography in the book for all articles.) "This work argues that although Euro-American influence fostered changes in Creek culture, the major sources of change were the Creeks themselves."
____. "Households and Hegemony: An Analysis of Historic Creek Culture Change." Ph.D. dissertation (Anthropolgy), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1997.
White, Christine S. Now the Wolf Has Come: The Creek Nation in the Civil War. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1996.
Wickman, Patricia Riles. The Tree That Bends: Discourse, Power and the Survival of the Maskókî People. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999. Wickman argues that the accepted notion of a totally depopulated Florida waiting in 1763 for new immigrants, whether Native American or Euroamerican is inaccurate. Instead, she says, the people now known as Creeks, Seminoles and Miccosukees share a common backgrund and heritage which endured within the area that is now the state of Florida as well as outside it.
Willis, William S. Jr. "Patrilineal Institutions in Southeastern North America." Ethnohistory, v. 10 (1963), pp. 250-269.
Wilson, T. Paul. "Delgates of the Five Civilized Tribes to the Confederate Congress." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 53 (1975/76) pp. 353-366. Samuel Benton Callahan, who had no Indian ancestry, was the delegate for the Creeks and Seminoles. He has achieved a place in Civil War trivia since at his death in 1911 he was the last surviving member of the Confederate Congress.
Wise, Donald A. "Origin of the Place Name "Broken Arrow"." Chronicles of Oklahoma, v. 69 (1991/92), pp. 92-97. In Alabama and Oklahoma.
Wood, Brian see Waselkov,Gregory.
Worth, John E. "The Lower Creeks: Origins and Early History." IN: Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory, ed. by Bonnie G. McEwan, pp. 265-298. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. Includes maps and a bibliography.
Wright, J. Leitch. Britain and the American Frontier, 1783-1815. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1975.
____. "Creek-American Treaty of 1790: Alexander McGillivrary and the Diplomacy of the Old Southwest." Georgia Historical Quarterly, v. 51 (1967), pp. 379-400.
____. William Augustus Bowles, Director General of the Creek Nation. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967.
____. See also Section 1.
Wright Muriel H.. See Section 1.
Young, Mary Elizabeth. "The Creek Frauds: A Study in Conscience and Corruption." Mississippi Valley Historical Review, v. 52 (1955), pp. 411-437.
____. Redskins, Ruffleshirts and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
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